Key Insights
The Asia Pacific irrigation valves market, valued at approximately $XX million in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, exhibiting a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 7.20% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key drivers. Firstly, the increasing demand for efficient water management in agriculture, particularly in rapidly developing economies like China and India, is a significant catalyst. The rising adoption of precision irrigation techniques, driven by water scarcity and the need to maximize crop yields, is further bolstering market growth. Technological advancements in valve design, including the development of smart irrigation systems incorporating automated valves and sensor technology, are also contributing to market expansion. Furthermore, government initiatives promoting sustainable agricultural practices and water conservation are creating a favorable regulatory environment. While the market faces challenges such as high initial investment costs for advanced irrigation systems and potential disruptions from fluctuating raw material prices, the overall growth trajectory remains positive.
Segment-wise, metal valves currently hold a larger market share compared to plastic valves, reflecting the preference for durability and longevity in demanding irrigation applications. However, the plastic valve segment is anticipated to experience faster growth due to its cost-effectiveness and lighter weight. Ball valves and butterfly valves dominate the valve type segment, while the automatic valve segment is experiencing rapid growth driven by technological innovation. Geographically, China, India, and Japan represent the largest markets within the Asia-Pacific region, fueled by extensive agricultural activities and increasing government investments in irrigation infrastructure. Major players like Toro Company, Hunter Industries, and Netafim are leveraging their strong brand presence and technological expertise to maintain their market leadership. The market is competitive, with both established players and emerging regional manufacturers vying for market share. The forecast period anticipates continued growth driven by evolving irrigation practices and technological advancements.
This comprehensive report provides an in-depth analysis of the Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market, covering the period 2019-2033. It offers actionable insights for industry professionals, investors, and stakeholders seeking to understand market dynamics, growth opportunities, and competitive landscapes. The report leverages extensive market research and data analysis to provide a clear picture of current trends and future projections. The base year for this report is 2025, with a forecast period spanning 2025-2033 and a historical period encompassing 2019-2024. The total market size is projected to reach xx Million by 2033.

Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Structure & Innovation Trends
This section analyzes the market's competitive landscape, focusing on market concentration, innovation drivers, regulatory frameworks, product substitutes, end-user demographics, and mergers & acquisitions (M&A) activities. The market is characterized by a moderate level of concentration, with key players like Toro Company, Hunter Industries, and Netafim holding significant market share. However, the presence of numerous smaller players indicates a competitive environment. Innovation is driven by the increasing demand for water-efficient irrigation solutions, coupled with advancements in smart irrigation technologies. Regulatory frameworks related to water conservation and sustainable agriculture significantly influence market growth. Plastic valves are gaining market share over metal valves due to their lower cost and ease of installation. M&A activity has been moderate, with deal values averaging xx Million in recent years.
- Market Share: Top 3 players account for approximately xx% of the market.
- Innovation Drivers: Smart irrigation technologies, water scarcity, and government regulations.
- M&A Activity: Average deal value: xx Million; Number of deals: xx per year (2019-2024).
- Substitute Products: Drip irrigation systems and other water-saving technologies pose some competition.

Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Dynamics & Trends
The Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market is experiencing robust growth, driven primarily by the expanding agricultural sector and increasing demand for efficient irrigation solutions in both agricultural and non-agricultural applications. The market is projected to exhibit a CAGR of xx% during the forecast period (2025-2033). Technological advancements, particularly in smart irrigation systems and automation, are revolutionizing the industry. Consumer preferences are shifting towards water-efficient and sustainable irrigation solutions, leading to increased adoption of advanced valve technologies. Competitive dynamics are shaped by both established players and new entrants focusing on innovative product offerings and technological advancements.
- CAGR (2025-2033): xx%
- Market Penetration: xx% in agricultural applications; xx% in non-agricultural applications.
- Key Growth Drivers: Rising agricultural output, increasing water scarcity, and technological innovations.

Dominant Regions & Segments in Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market
China, India, and Japan are the dominant markets for irrigation valves in the Asia Pacific region. The agricultural sector remains the primary application, with high demand for efficient and cost-effective irrigation solutions. Within material types, plastic valves are witnessing higher growth compared to metal valves, due to their cost-effectiveness and lightweight nature. Similarly, automatic valves are gaining traction due to their efficiency and convenience.
- China: Key drivers include government initiatives promoting agricultural modernization and substantial investment in irrigation infrastructure.
- India: High agricultural population and increasing awareness of water conservation techniques are driving market growth.
- Japan: Focus on precision agriculture and technological advancements contribute to market expansion.
- Dominant Segments: Agricultural application, Plastic valves, Automatic valves.
Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Product Innovations
Recent product innovations focus on enhancing efficiency, durability, and smart functionalities. Manufacturers are introducing smart valves equipped with sensors and remote monitoring capabilities, enabling precise water management and reducing water waste. The integration of IoT (Internet of Things) technologies is further enhancing the functionality and efficiency of irrigation systems. These innovations are contributing to improved water management and increased crop yields.
Report Scope & Segmentation Analysis
This report segments the Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market based on material type (Metal Valves, Plastic Valves), valve type (Ball Valve, Butterfly Valve, Globe Valve, Automatic Valves), application (Agricultural, Non-Agricultural), and country (China, Japan, India, South Korea). Each segment's growth projections, market size, and competitive dynamics are analyzed individually. The market is further segmented based on other factors, such as valve size and flow rate.
- Material Type: Plastic valves are projected to register a higher CAGR than metal valves due to cost advantages.
- Valve Type: The automatic valve segment is anticipated to dominate due to increasing automation in irrigation systems.
- Application: Agricultural applications will continue to dominate due to the substantial size of the agricultural sector in the region.
- Country: China and India are expected to be the fastest-growing markets.
Key Drivers of Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Growth
Several factors are propelling the growth of the Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market: Firstly, the expanding agricultural sector and rising demand for food security are creating a significant need for efficient irrigation systems. Secondly, increasing awareness of water conservation and sustainable agriculture is driving the adoption of advanced irrigation technologies. Thirdly, government initiatives promoting agricultural modernization and infrastructure development are fostering market growth. Finally, advancements in smart irrigation technologies are enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of irrigation systems.
Challenges in the Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Sector
The Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market faces challenges including the high initial investment costs associated with advanced irrigation systems, which can hinder adoption, particularly among smallholder farmers. Supply chain disruptions and fluctuating raw material prices can affect production costs and profitability. Furthermore, intense competition among established players and new entrants creates pressure on pricing and margins.
Emerging Opportunities in Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market
The market presents several opportunities: The increasing adoption of precision agriculture techniques and smart farming solutions offers significant potential. Expansion into new markets within the region, particularly in countries with developing agricultural sectors, represents untapped growth prospects. The development of more sustainable and eco-friendly irrigation valves presents significant opportunities.
Leading Players in the Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Market
- Toro Company
- Hunter Industries
- Cla-Val Asia Pacific
- Raven Industries
- KSB Co Ltd
- Rivulis Irrigation
- Bermad CS Ltd
- TeeJet Technologies
- Nelson Irrigation
- Netafim
Key Developments in Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Industry
- May 2024: Lumo secured USD 7 Million in funding to enhance its smart-valve technology.
- April 2024: C-DAC Pune launched the Smart Farm System for optimized irrigation and fertilization.
Future Outlook for Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Market
The Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market is poised for continued growth, driven by increasing demand for efficient and sustainable irrigation solutions. Technological advancements, government support, and rising agricultural output will further accelerate market expansion. Strategic partnerships and collaborations among industry players will play a crucial role in shaping market dynamics. The market is expected to witness significant growth in the adoption of smart irrigation technologies and precision agriculture practices.
Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Segmentation
-
1. Material Type
- 1.1. Metal Valves
- 1.2. Plastic Valves
-
2. Valve Type
- 2.1. Ball Valve
- 2.2. Butterfly Valve
- 2.3. Globe Valve
- 2.4. Automatic Valves
-
3. Application
- 3.1. Agricultural
- 3.2. Non-agricultural
Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Segmentation By Geography
-
1. Asia Pacific
- 1.1. China
- 1.2. Japan
- 1.3. South Korea
- 1.4. India
- 1.5. Australia
- 1.6. New Zealand
- 1.7. Indonesia
- 1.8. Malaysia
- 1.9. Singapore
- 1.10. Thailand
- 1.11. Vietnam
- 1.12. Philippines

Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of 7.20% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. Increasing Demand for Efficient Irrigation System; Increasing Government Initiatives
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. High Initial Costs
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Increasing Government Initiatives are Expected to Boost the Market Growth
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Material Type
- 5.1.1. Metal Valves
- 5.1.2. Plastic Valves
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Valve Type
- 5.2.1. Ball Valve
- 5.2.2. Butterfly Valve
- 5.2.3. Globe Valve
- 5.2.4. Automatic Valves
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 5.3.1. Agricultural
- 5.3.2. Non-agricultural
- 5.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.4.1. Asia Pacific
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Material Type
- 6. China Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7. Japan Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8. India Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9. South Korea Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 10. Taiwan Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 11. Australia Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 12. Rest of Asia-Pacific Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 13. Competitive Analysis
- 13.1. Market Share Analysis 2024
- 13.2. Company Profiles
- 13.2.1 Toro Company
- 13.2.1.1. Overview
- 13.2.1.2. Products
- 13.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.2 Hunter Industries
- 13.2.2.1. Overview
- 13.2.2.2. Products
- 13.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.3 Cla-Val Asia Pacific
- 13.2.3.1. Overview
- 13.2.3.2. Products
- 13.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.4 Raven Industrie
- 13.2.4.1. Overview
- 13.2.4.2. Products
- 13.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.5 KSB Co Ltd
- 13.2.5.1. Overview
- 13.2.5.2. Products
- 13.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.6 Rivulis Irrigation
- 13.2.6.1. Overview
- 13.2.6.2. Products
- 13.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.7 Bermad CS Ltd
- 13.2.7.1. Overview
- 13.2.7.2. Products
- 13.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.8 TeeJet Technologies
- 13.2.8.1. Overview
- 13.2.8.2. Products
- 13.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.9 Nelson Irrigation
- 13.2.9.1. Overview
- 13.2.9.2. Products
- 13.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.10 Netafim
- 13.2.10.1. Overview
- 13.2.10.2. Products
- 13.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.1 Toro Company
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Product 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Share (%) by Company 2024
List of Tables
- Table 1: Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Material Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Material Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Valve Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Valve Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: China Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: China Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: Japan Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: Japan Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: India Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: India Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: South Korea Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: South Korea Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: Taiwan Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: Taiwan Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: Australia Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: Australia Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 25: Rest of Asia-Pacific Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 26: Rest of Asia-Pacific Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 27: Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Material Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 28: Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Material Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 29: Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Valve Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 30: Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Valve Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 31: Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 32: Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 33: Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 34: Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 35: China Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 36: China Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 37: Japan Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 38: Japan Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 39: South Korea Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 40: South Korea Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 41: India Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 42: India Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 43: Australia Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 44: Australia Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 45: New Zealand Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 46: New Zealand Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 47: Indonesia Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 48: Indonesia Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 49: Malaysia Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 50: Malaysia Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 51: Singapore Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 52: Singapore Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 53: Thailand Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 54: Thailand Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 55: Vietnam Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 56: Vietnam Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 57: Philippines Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 58: Philippines Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately 7.20%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market?
Key companies in the market include Toro Company, Hunter Industries, Cla-Val Asia Pacific, Raven Industrie, KSB Co Ltd, Rivulis Irrigation, Bermad CS Ltd, TeeJet Technologies, Nelson Irrigation, Netafim.
3. What are the main segments of the Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market?
The market segments include Material Type, Valve Type, Application.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XX Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
Increasing Demand for Efficient Irrigation System; Increasing Government Initiatives.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Increasing Government Initiatives are Expected to Boost the Market Growth.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
High Initial Costs.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
May 2024: Lumo, a firm that focuses on connected irrigation solutions, secured USD 7 million in funding. The round was spearheaded by Active Impact Investments and Fall Line Capital. With this injection, Lumo is poised to further enhance its patented smart-valve technology and broaden its market penetration. This move is crucial as it equips farmers with the tools to fine-tune their irrigation strategies.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4750, USD 4950, and USD 6800 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million and volume, measured in K Unit.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Asia Pacific Irrigation Valves Market?
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Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence