Key Insights
The Latin American DPP-4 Inhibitors market, valued at $754.60 million in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, driven by rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes, an aging population, and increasing healthcare expenditure across the region. Key growth drivers include rising awareness about diabetes management, improved access to healthcare services, and the launch of innovative DPP-4 inhibitor formulations. Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico represent the largest market segments, fueled by their substantial populations and higher incidence rates of diabetes. However, market growth faces challenges including high medication costs, limited healthcare infrastructure in some areas, and the emergence of competing therapies such as SGLT2 inhibitors. The market is highly competitive, with major pharmaceutical players like Merck & Co, Bristol Myers Squibb, and Novartis vying for market share through aggressive marketing campaigns and strategic partnerships. The segment dominated by Januvia (Sitagliptin) is anticipated to maintain its strong position, while other DPP-4 inhibitors such as Onglyza (Saxagliptin) and Tradjenta (Linagliptin) will also contribute significantly to market expansion. The forecast period (2025-2033) projects a consistent CAGR of 4.30%, indicating a promising future for the market, despite potential headwinds.
The competitive landscape is likely to intensify, with ongoing research and development focused on improving the efficacy and safety profiles of DPP-4 inhibitors. Furthermore, the market is expected to see the introduction of biosimilar and generic versions of existing drugs, which will potentially affect pricing and market share dynamics. Growth strategies for pharmaceutical companies will likely focus on expanding access to treatment in underserved areas, enhancing patient education programs, and building stronger relationships with healthcare professionals. Future success in the Latin American DPP-4 inhibitors market will depend on effectively addressing the needs of the diabetic population while navigating the complexities of the regional healthcare systems.
DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America: A Comprehensive Report (2019-2033)
This in-depth report provides a comprehensive analysis of the DPP-4 Inhibitors market in Latin America, offering invaluable insights for industry professionals, investors, and strategic decision-makers. With a study period spanning 2019-2033, a base year of 2025, and a forecast period of 2025-2033, this report delivers actionable intelligence on market dynamics, growth drivers, and emerging opportunities. The report covers key market segments, including leading players like Merck And Co, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Boehringer Ingelheim, AstraZeneca, and Takeda Pharmaceuticals, and examines the impact of recent industry developments. The market size is projected to reach xx Million by 2033.

DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Market Structure & Innovation Trends
The Latin American DPP-4 inhibitor market is characterized by a moderately concentrated structure, with key players holding significant market shares. The market's innovation landscape is driven by the need for more effective and convenient treatments for type 2 diabetes, a growing health concern in the region. Regulatory frameworks vary across Latin American countries, influencing market access and pricing strategies. Several substitute therapies exist, including SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists, creating competitive pressure. The end-user demographic primarily consists of adults aged 40 and above with type 2 diabetes. M&A activity has been moderate in recent years, with deal values ranging from xx Million to xx Million, primarily focused on expanding market access and product portfolios.
- Market Concentration: Moderately concentrated, with the top 5 players holding approximately xx% market share in 2024.
- Innovation Drivers: Growing prevalence of type 2 diabetes, demand for improved efficacy and tolerability, and the emergence of combination therapies.
- Regulatory Landscape: Varies across countries, impacting market entry and pricing.
- Product Substitutes: SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists pose a significant competitive challenge.
- End-User Demographics: Primarily adults aged 40 and above with a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes.
- M&A Activity: Moderate activity in recent years, with deals focused on market expansion and portfolio diversification.

DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Market Dynamics & Trends
The Latin American DPP-4 inhibitor market is experiencing robust growth, driven by the rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes, increasing healthcare expenditure, and improving healthcare infrastructure in several countries. The market is witnessing technological disruptions with the introduction of novel DPP-4 inhibitors offering improved efficacy and reduced side effects. Consumer preferences are shifting towards convenient dosage forms and therapies with minimal drug interactions. Competitive dynamics are intense, with established pharmaceutical companies and emerging players vying for market share through product innovation, pricing strategies, and strategic partnerships. The CAGR for the market is projected to be xx% during the forecast period (2025-2033), with market penetration increasing from xx% in 2024 to xx% by 2033.

Dominant Regions & Segments in DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America
Brazil and Mexico represent the most significant markets for DPP-4 inhibitors in Latin America, driven by high prevalence of diabetes, expanding healthcare infrastructure, and increasing access to advanced therapies. Within drug segments, Januvia (Sitagliptin) and Onglyza (Saxagliptin) maintain leading positions due to established brand recognition and strong market presence.
- Key Drivers for Brazil and Mexico:
- High prevalence of type 2 diabetes.
- Growing healthcare expenditure.
- Increasing accessibility to advanced treatments.
- Favorable regulatory environment.
- Dominant Drug Segments:
- Januvia (Sitagliptin): Strong brand recognition and widespread availability.
- Onglyza (Saxagliptin): Competitive pricing and efficacy.
- Other Drugs: Growing segment fueled by new product launches and generic competition.
DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Product Innovations
Recent product innovations focus on improving the convenience of dosing, reducing side effects, and developing combination therapies for enhanced efficacy. The market is witnessing a shift towards once-daily formulations and fixed-dose combinations to improve patient compliance. These innovations are aimed at addressing unmet needs and enhancing the market fit of DPP-4 inhibitors in the Latin American context.
Report Scope & Segmentation Analysis
This report segments the Latin American DPP-4 inhibitors market by drug type: Januvia (Sitagliptin), Onglyza (Saxagliptin), Tradjenta (Linagliptin), Vipidia/Nesina (Alogliptin), Galvus (Vildagliptin), and Other Drugs. Each segment's analysis includes growth projections, market size estimations, and a competitive landscape overview. The projected growth rates vary by segment, reflecting differences in product characteristics, market penetration, and competitive intensity. For example, the "Other Drugs" segment is expected to exhibit significant growth due to new product launches and generic competition.
Key Drivers of DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Growth
The growth of the DPP-4 inhibitor market in Latin America is primarily driven by the rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes, fuelled by factors such as changing lifestyles, increasing urbanization, and aging populations. Government initiatives aimed at improving healthcare infrastructure and access to medicines are also contributing to market growth. The introduction of innovative products with improved efficacy and safety profiles is further driving market expansion.
Challenges in the DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Sector
Challenges include the high cost of medications limiting access for patients, particularly in lower-income segments. Variations in regulatory frameworks across countries pose hurdles for market entry and product registration. Intense competition from other diabetes treatments, like SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists, presents a significant challenge. The complex supply chains, particularly in times of global uncertainty, can impact drug availability and affordability.
Emerging Opportunities in DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America
Emerging opportunities lie in expanding access to DPP-4 inhibitors in underserved populations through public-private partnerships and affordable pricing strategies. The development of combination therapies with improved efficacy and tolerability offers significant growth potential. The growing adoption of telemedicine and remote patient monitoring presents an opportunity to improve patient care and adherence to treatment.
Leading Players in the DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Market
- Merck And Co
- Bristol Myers Squibb
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Novartis
- Boehringer Ingelheim
- AstraZeneca
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals
Key Developments in DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Industry
- February 2023: M8 Pharmaceuticals and Daewoong Pharmaceuticals signed an exclusive licensing agreement for Envlo (enavogliflozin) in Brazil and Mexico. This expands treatment options and boosts competition in the market.
- February 2022: Eurofarma launched Suganon (evogliptin) in Latin America, introducing a new DPP-4 inhibitor with convenient dosing and low interaction potential. This enhances treatment convenience and safety for patients.
Future Outlook for DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Market
The future of the DPP-4 inhibitor market in Latin America appears promising, driven by continuous innovation in drug development, expanding healthcare infrastructure, and rising awareness of type 2 diabetes. Strategic partnerships, focused on improving market access and affordability, will play a crucial role in shaping market growth. The development of personalized medicine approaches and the integration of digital health technologies will further enhance the potential of this market segment.
DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Segmentation
-
1. Drugs
- 1.1. Januvia (Sitagliptin)
- 1.2. Onglyza (Saxagliptin)
- 1.3. Tradjenta (Linagliptin)
- 1.4. Vipidia/Nesina (Alogliptin)
- 1.5. Galvus (Vildagliptin)
- 1.6. Other Drugs
-
2. Geography
- 2.1. Mexico
- 2.2. Brazil
- 2.3. Rest of Latin America
DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Segmentation By Geography
- 1. Mexico
- 2. Brazil
- 3. Rest of Latin America

DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of 4.30% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. Increasing Prevalence of Respiratory Disease; Growing Demand for OTC Medications
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. Governments and Regulatory Bodies Impose Strict Guidelines
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Tradjenta segment holds the highest market share in the Latin America Dipeptide Peptidase 4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors Market in the current year
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Drugs
- 5.1.1. Januvia (Sitagliptin)
- 5.1.2. Onglyza (Saxagliptin)
- 5.1.3. Tradjenta (Linagliptin)
- 5.1.4. Vipidia/Nesina (Alogliptin)
- 5.1.5. Galvus (Vildagliptin)
- 5.1.6. Other Drugs
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 5.2.1. Mexico
- 5.2.2. Brazil
- 5.2.3. Rest of Latin America
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.3.1. Mexico
- 5.3.2. Brazil
- 5.3.3. Rest of Latin America
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Drugs
- 6. Mexico DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Drugs
- 6.1.1. Januvia (Sitagliptin)
- 6.1.2. Onglyza (Saxagliptin)
- 6.1.3. Tradjenta (Linagliptin)
- 6.1.4. Vipidia/Nesina (Alogliptin)
- 6.1.5. Galvus (Vildagliptin)
- 6.1.6. Other Drugs
- 6.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 6.2.1. Mexico
- 6.2.2. Brazil
- 6.2.3. Rest of Latin America
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Drugs
- 7. Brazil DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Drugs
- 7.1.1. Januvia (Sitagliptin)
- 7.1.2. Onglyza (Saxagliptin)
- 7.1.3. Tradjenta (Linagliptin)
- 7.1.4. Vipidia/Nesina (Alogliptin)
- 7.1.5. Galvus (Vildagliptin)
- 7.1.6. Other Drugs
- 7.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 7.2.1. Mexico
- 7.2.2. Brazil
- 7.2.3. Rest of Latin America
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Drugs
- 8. Rest of Latin America DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Drugs
- 8.1.1. Januvia (Sitagliptin)
- 8.1.2. Onglyza (Saxagliptin)
- 8.1.3. Tradjenta (Linagliptin)
- 8.1.4. Vipidia/Nesina (Alogliptin)
- 8.1.5. Galvus (Vildagliptin)
- 8.1.6. Other Drugs
- 8.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 8.2.1. Mexico
- 8.2.2. Brazil
- 8.2.3. Rest of Latin America
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Drugs
- 9. Brazil DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 10. Argentina DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 11. Mexico DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 12. Peru DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 13. Chile DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 14. Rest of Latin America DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 15. Competitive Analysis
- 15.1. Market Share Analysis 2024
- 15.2. Company Profiles
- 15.2.1 Merck And Co
- 15.2.1.1. Overview
- 15.2.1.2. Products
- 15.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 15.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 15.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 15.2.2 Bristol Myers Squibb
- 15.2.2.1. Overview
- 15.2.2.2. Products
- 15.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 15.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 15.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 15.2.3 Eli Lilly
- 15.2.3.1. Overview
- 15.2.3.2. Products
- 15.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 15.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 15.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 15.2.4 Novartis
- 15.2.4.1. Overview
- 15.2.4.2. Products
- 15.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 15.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 15.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 15.2.5 Boehringer Ingelheim
- 15.2.5.1. Overview
- 15.2.5.2. Products
- 15.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 15.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 15.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 15.2.6 AstraZeneca
- 15.2.6.1. Overview
- 15.2.6.2. Products
- 15.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 15.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 15.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 15.2.7 Takeda Pharmaceuticals
- 15.2.7.1. Overview
- 15.2.7.2. Products
- 15.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 15.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 15.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 15.2.1 Merck And Co
List of Figures
- Figure 1: DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Product 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Share (%) by Company 2024
List of Tables
- Table 1: DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Volume K Unit Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Revenue Million Forecast, by Drugs 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Volume K Unit Forecast, by Drugs 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Volume K Unit Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Volume K Unit Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Volume K Unit Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: Brazil DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: Brazil DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: Argentina DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: Argentina DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: Mexico DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: Mexico DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: Peru DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: Peru DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: Chile DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: Chile DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: Rest of Latin America DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: Rest of Latin America DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Revenue Million Forecast, by Drugs 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Volume K Unit Forecast, by Drugs 2019 & 2032
- Table 25: DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 26: DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Volume K Unit Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 27: DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 28: DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Volume K Unit Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 29: DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Revenue Million Forecast, by Drugs 2019 & 2032
- Table 30: DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Volume K Unit Forecast, by Drugs 2019 & 2032
- Table 31: DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 32: DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Volume K Unit Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 33: DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 34: DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Volume K Unit Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 35: DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Revenue Million Forecast, by Drugs 2019 & 2032
- Table 36: DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Volume K Unit Forecast, by Drugs 2019 & 2032
- Table 37: DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 38: DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Volume K Unit Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 39: DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 40: DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America Volume K Unit Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America?
The projected CAGR is approximately 4.30%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America?
Key companies in the market include Merck And Co, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Boehringer Ingelheim, AstraZeneca, Takeda Pharmaceuticals.
3. What are the main segments of the DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America?
The market segments include Drugs, Geography.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD 754.60 Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
Increasing Prevalence of Respiratory Disease; Growing Demand for OTC Medications.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Tradjenta segment holds the highest market share in the Latin America Dipeptide Peptidase 4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors Market in the current year.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
Governments and Regulatory Bodies Impose Strict Guidelines.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
February, 2023: M8 Pharmaceuticals and Daewoong Pharmaceuticals announced they signed an exclusive licensing agreement whereby M8 would have the rights to register and commercialize Envlo (enavogliflozin) for Brazil and Mexico. It has aproven to be efficacious as a monotherapy, metformin combined modality therapy, metformin and gemigliptin, or other DDP4 combined modality therapy.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4750, USD 5250, and USD 8750 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million and volume, measured in K Unit.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the DPP-4 Inhibitors Market in Latin America, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence