Key Insights
The United Arab Emirates (UAE) mobile payments market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing smartphone penetration, a young and tech-savvy population, and government initiatives promoting digital transformation. The widespread adoption of cashless transactions, coupled with the expansion of robust mobile network infrastructure, creates a fertile ground for mobile payment solutions. The market's expansion is fueled by several key trends, including the increasing popularity of contactless payments (NFC and QR codes), the rise of super apps integrating various financial services, and the growing acceptance of digital wallets among both consumers and merchants. While the exact market size for the UAE in 2025 is not provided, considering a global CAGR of 12.30% and the UAE's advanced digital economy, a reasonable estimate for the UAE mobile payments market size in 2025 could be in the range of $2-3 billion USD, given the significant investment in fintech and digital infrastructure in the region. This figure is projected to increase substantially over the forecast period (2025-2033), driven by continuous technological advancements and expanding user base. However, challenges remain, including concerns around data security and privacy, the need for wider merchant acceptance in certain sectors, and potential regulatory hurdles in managing this rapidly evolving landscape.
The competitive landscape in the UAE mobile payments market is highly dynamic, with both international giants (Apple Pay, Google Pay, Samsung Pay) and regional players (Emirates Digital Wallet, CASHU) vying for market share. The success of these companies hinges on their ability to provide secure, convenient, and user-friendly platforms, along with strategic partnerships with banks and merchants. Future growth will likely be influenced by innovations in biometric authentication, AI-powered fraud detection, and the integration of mobile payments with other financial services, creating a more holistic and seamless customer experience. The focus on interoperability between different payment systems will also be crucial for facilitating wider adoption and enhancing the overall convenience of mobile payments in the UAE. Expansion into underserved segments and regions of the UAE will also present key growth opportunities for existing and new market entrants.

United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market: A Comprehensive Report (2019-2033)
This in-depth report provides a comprehensive analysis of the burgeoning United Arab Emirates (UAE) mobile payments market, offering invaluable insights for industry professionals, investors, and strategic decision-makers. Covering the period from 2019 to 2033, with a focus on 2025, this report unveils the market's structure, dynamics, and future potential. Expect detailed segmentation analysis, competitive landscape assessments, and growth projections, all supported by robust data and expert analysis.
United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Market Structure & Innovation Trends
The UAE mobile payments market exhibits a dynamic structure shaped by a blend of international giants and local players. Market concentration is moderate, with several key players vying for market share. Innovation is driven by advancements in NFC technology, the proliferation of QR-code based systems, and the increasing adoption of digital wallets. The regulatory framework, while supportive of fintech innovation, also emphasizes security and consumer protection. Product substitutes include traditional cash and card payments, although their market share is steadily declining. End-user demographics are largely driven by the young, tech-savvy population and a high smartphone penetration rate. M&A activity has been relatively robust, with deal values reaching xx Million in recent years, reflecting consolidation efforts and the strategic importance of the market. Examples include (but are not limited to):
- Strategic partnerships between international payment processors and local fintech firms.
- Acquisitions of smaller mobile payment providers by larger financial institutions.
- Significant investments in innovative mobile payment solutions.

United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Market Dynamics & Trends
The UAE mobile payments market is experiencing robust growth, fueled by factors such as rising smartphone penetration, increasing digital literacy, and government initiatives promoting cashless transactions. The market is characterized by a strong Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of xx% during the forecast period (2025-2033), with market penetration expected to reach xx% by 2033. Technological disruptions, including the introduction of new payment technologies (e.g., biometric authentication, blockchain) and the expansion of super apps, are reshaping the competitive landscape. Consumer preferences increasingly favor convenience, security, and seamless integration with other digital services. Competitive dynamics are intense, with established players facing competition from agile fintech startups.

Dominant Regions & Segments in United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market
The UAE mobile payments market demonstrates strong growth across all major regions, with the most significant concentration in urban centers. Key segments, by payment type, exhibit varied growth trajectories:
- NFC-based payments: Driven by the increasing adoption of contactless payment cards and smartphones.
- QR-based payments: Boosted by the widespread availability of QR codes in retail establishments and the ease of use for both merchants and consumers. This segment is experiencing substantial growth, surpassing other methods in market share.
- Online digital payments: Fueled by the expansion of e-commerce and the growing preference for online shopping.
- Text-based payments: Maintaining a niche market share, primarily for smaller transactions and peer-to-peer transfers.
- Other Payment Types: Encompassing newer technologies and emerging solutions, showing moderate to high growth potential in the forecast period.
Key drivers for the dominance of specific segments include supportive government policies, robust digital infrastructure, and consumer preferences.
United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Product Innovations
The UAE mobile payments market is witnessing rapid product innovation, with a focus on enhancing security, convenience, and user experience. Developments include the integration of biometric authentication, the introduction of advanced fraud detection systems, and the expansion of payment options to encompass a wider range of services and merchants. These innovations aim to improve market fit by addressing consumer needs and preferences, creating a competitive advantage for providers.
Report Scope & Segmentation Analysis
This report segments the UAE mobile payments market by payment type: NFC, QR-based, online digital payments, text-based, and other payment types. Each segment is analyzed in detail, providing market size, growth projections, and competitive dynamics for the historical period (2019-2024), base year (2025), and forecast period (2025-2033). Growth rates vary across segments reflecting varying consumer preferences and technological advancements. For example, QR-based payments are projecting significantly higher growth compared to text-based payments.
Key Drivers of United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Growth
Several factors contribute to the growth of the UAE mobile payments market:
- Government initiatives: The UAE government’s focus on digital transformation and its support for fintech innovation.
- Technological advancements: Continuous improvement in mobile payment technologies, increasing security, and user-friendliness.
- Rising smartphone penetration: A high smartphone penetration rate among the population, coupled with increasing internet access.
- Expanding e-commerce sector: The growth of e-commerce and online shopping, driving the demand for convenient digital payment solutions.
Challenges in the United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Sector
Despite its significant growth, the UAE mobile payments market faces challenges:
- Data security and privacy concerns: The need to address concerns around data security and consumer privacy to build trust and adoption.
- Interoperability issues: The lack of standardization and interoperability among different payment systems.
- Competition: The intense competition from both established players and emerging fintech startups.
Emerging Opportunities in United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market
The UAE mobile payments market presents numerous opportunities:
- Expansion into underserved segments: Reaching out to individuals not currently using mobile payment services.
- Integration with other financial services: Bundling mobile payments with other services like budgeting and investment tools.
- Adoption of emerging technologies: Leveraging technologies like blockchain and AI to enhance security and efficiency.
Leading Players in the United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Market
- Amazon Payments Services
- Apple Pay
- NOW Money
- 2Checkout
- Google Pay
- Monami Tech
- Emirates Digital Wallet
- Trriple
- CASHU
- Samsung Pay
Key Developments in United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Industry
- September 2022: Mastercard partnered with noqodi to enable contactless payments for government and private sector services, boosting the adoption of Tap on Phone technology.
- May 2022: Google launched Google Wallet, expanding the possibilities for digital asset storage and mobile payments via Tap to Pay.
- March 2022: Mashreq Bank launched NEOPAY, a new mobile payment platform designed for seamless transactions, enhancing consumer experiences.
Future Outlook for United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Market
The UAE mobile payments market is poised for continued growth, driven by ongoing technological advancements, favorable government policies, and increasing consumer demand for convenient and secure payment options. The market will continue to see consolidation, innovation, and the emergence of new players. Strategic partnerships and investments in cutting-edge technologies will play a crucial role in shaping the future landscape. The market's long-term potential is considerable, with strong growth expected throughout the forecast period.
United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Segmentation
-
1. Payment Type (Proximity and Remote)
- 1.1. NFC
- 1.2. QR-based
- 1.3. Online digital payments
- 1.4. Text-based
- 1.5. Other Payment Types
-
2. End-User
- 2.1. Large corporations
- 2.2. Small and medium-sized businesses
- 2.3. Government agencies
- 2.4. Consumers
-
3. Region
- 3.1. United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Segmentation By Geography
- 1. United Arab Emirates

United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of 12.30% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. Increase in Smartphone Penetration; Advancement in Technology Enabling Convenient and Secure Payments
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. Privacy and Copyright Issues among E-sellers and Book Writers
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Increase in the adoption of contactless payments
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Payment Type (Proximity and Remote)
- 5.1.1. NFC
- 5.1.2. QR-based
- 5.1.3. Online digital payments
- 5.1.4. Text-based
- 5.1.5. Other Payment Types
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End-User
- 5.2.1. Large corporations
- 5.2.2. Small and medium-sized businesses
- 5.2.3. Government agencies
- 5.2.4. Consumers
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.3.1. United Arab Emirates
- 5.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.4.1. United Arab Emirates
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Payment Type (Proximity and Remote)
- 6. North America United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 6.1.1 United States
- 6.1.2 Canada
- 7. Europe United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 7.1.1 Spain
- 7.1.2 United Kingdom
- 7.1.3 Germany
- 7.1.4 France
- 7.1.5 Italy
- 7.1.6 Rest of Europe
- 8. Asia Pacific United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 8.1.1 China
- 8.1.2 India
- 8.1.3 Japan
- 8.1.4 Rest of Asia Pacific
- 9. Latin America United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 9.1.1.
- 10. Middle East and Africa United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 10.1.1.
- 11. Competitive Analysis
- 11.1. Market Share Analysis 2024
- 11.2. Company Profiles
- 11.2.1 Amazon Payments Services
- 11.2.1.1. Overview
- 11.2.1.2. Products
- 11.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.2 Apple Pay
- 11.2.2.1. Overview
- 11.2.2.2. Products
- 11.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.3 NOW Money
- 11.2.3.1. Overview
- 11.2.3.2. Products
- 11.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.4 2Checkout
- 11.2.4.1. Overview
- 11.2.4.2. Products
- 11.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.5 Google Pay
- 11.2.5.1. Overview
- 11.2.5.2. Products
- 11.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.6 Monami Tech
- 11.2.6.1. Overview
- 11.2.6.2. Products
- 11.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.7 Emirates Digital Wallet
- 11.2.7.1. Overview
- 11.2.7.2. Products
- 11.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.8 Trriple
- 11.2.8.1. Overview
- 11.2.8.2. Products
- 11.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.9 CASHU
- 11.2.9.1. Overview
- 11.2.9.2. Products
- 11.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.10 Samsung Pay
- 11.2.10.1. Overview
- 11.2.10.2. Products
- 11.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.1 Amazon Payments Services
List of Figures
- Figure 1: United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Product 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Share (%) by Company 2024
List of Tables
- Table 1: United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Payment Type (Proximity and Remote) 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Payment Type (Proximity and Remote) 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Revenue Million Forecast, by End-User 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by End-User 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: United States United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: United States United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: Canada United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: Canada United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: Spain United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: Spain United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: United Kingdom United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: United Kingdom United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: Germany United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: Germany United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 25: France United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 26: France United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 27: Italy United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 28: Italy United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 29: Rest of Europe United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 30: Rest of Europe United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 31: United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 32: United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 33: China United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 34: China United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 35: India United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 36: India United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 37: Japan United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 38: Japan United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 39: Rest of Asia Pacific United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 40: Rest of Asia Pacific United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 41: United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 42: United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 43: United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 44: United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 45: United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 46: United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 47: United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 48: United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 49: United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Payment Type (Proximity and Remote) 2019 & 2032
- Table 50: United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Payment Type (Proximity and Remote) 2019 & 2032
- Table 51: United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Revenue Million Forecast, by End-User 2019 & 2032
- Table 52: United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by End-User 2019 & 2032
- Table 53: United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 54: United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 55: United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 56: United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately 12.30%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market?
Key companies in the market include Amazon Payments Services, Apple Pay, NOW Money, 2Checkout, Google Pay, Monami Tech, Emirates Digital Wallet, Trriple, CASHU, Samsung Pay.
3. What are the main segments of the United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market?
The market segments include Payment Type (Proximity and Remote), End-User, Region.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XX Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
Increase in Smartphone Penetration; Advancement in Technology Enabling Convenient and Secure Payments.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Increase in the adoption of contactless payments.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
Privacy and Copyright Issues among E-sellers and Book Writers.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
September 2022: Mastercard partnered with the UAE-based firm noqodi to allow consumers to make contactless payments for select government and private sector services. noqodi's digital omnichannel payments, such as Tap on Phone, are powered by Mastercard Payment Gateway Services (MPGS). The integration allows consumers to tap their card or device to make payments through a merchant's phone.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 3800, USD 4500, and USD 5800 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million and volume, measured in K Unit.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the United Arab Emirates Mobile Payments Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence