Key Insights
The European electrically powered hydraulic steering (EPHS) market is experiencing robust growth, driven by the increasing adoption of advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) and the rising demand for fuel-efficient vehicles across passenger cars and commercial vehicles. The market's Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) exceeding 8% from 2019-2033 indicates a significant upward trajectory. Key drivers include stringent emission regulations pushing for more efficient power steering systems, the growing integration of EPHS in electric and hybrid vehicles, and the continuous improvement in EPHS technology leading to enhanced performance and reliability. Germany, France, and the United Kingdom are major contributors to the market's size, fueled by a robust automotive manufacturing base and a high adoption rate of advanced automotive technologies within these countries. The market is segmented by component type (sensors, steering motors, and others) and vehicle type (passenger cars and commercial vehicles), with passenger cars currently dominating the segment. While the market faces some restraints, such as high initial investment costs associated with EPHS adoption and potential technological challenges, the long-term outlook remains positive due to ongoing technological advancements and the continued global shift towards sustainable transportation. Major players like JTEKT, Denso, ZF, and Bosch are actively involved in developing and supplying EPHS components, driving innovation and competition within the sector.
The forecast period of 2025-2033 will see the European EPHS market continue its expansion. Growth will be fueled by the increasing electrification of the automotive sector and the consequent demand for energy-efficient steering solutions. Innovation in areas like sensor technology and motor efficiency will play a significant role in shaping market dynamics. While challenges remain in terms of cost and technology maturity for certain EPHS features, the ongoing development and integration of EPHS into ADAS and autonomous driving systems will strongly support market expansion. We anticipate that the market share will shift slightly in favour of commercial vehicles as the demand for advanced steering systems in larger vehicles grows. This trend will be further fuelled by increasing regulations for safety and fuel efficiency in the commercial vehicle sector. Competition among key players will remain intense, driving innovation and potentially leading to price reductions as technology matures.

Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market: A Comprehensive Report (2019-2033)
This in-depth report provides a comprehensive analysis of the Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market, offering invaluable insights for industry professionals, investors, and strategic decision-makers. Leveraging extensive market research and data analysis conducted over the study period (2019-2024), with a base year of 2025 and a forecast period extending to 2033, this report delivers actionable intelligence on market size, growth drivers, competitive landscape, and future trends. The report's detailed segmentation by component type (Sensors, Steering Motor, Others) and vehicle type (Passenger Cars, Commercial Vehicles) allows for a granular understanding of market dynamics across various segments.
This report covers key players like JTEKT Corporation, Denso Corporation, ZF, NSK Ltd, GKN PLC, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, ATS Automation, Hitachi Automotive Systems Ltd, Nexteer Automation, and Robert Bosch GMBH, analyzing their market share, strategies, and competitive advantages.
Keywords: Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market, Electric Power Steering, EPS, Hydraulic Steering, Automotive Steering System, Market Size, Market Share, CAGR, Market Growth, Market Analysis, Market Forecast, Sensors, Steering Motor, Passenger Cars, Commercial Vehicles, JTEKT, Denso, ZF, NSK, GKN, Mitsubishi Electric, ATS Automation, Hitachi, Nexteer, Bosch.
Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Market Structure & Innovation Trends
The Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering market exhibits a moderately consolidated structure, with a few major players holding significant market share. Market concentration is driven by economies of scale, technological advancements, and established supply chains. Innovation is primarily focused on improving efficiency, reducing energy consumption, and enhancing safety features. Stringent regulatory frameworks concerning emission standards and vehicle safety are major drivers for innovation. Product substitutes, such as fully electric steering systems, are gaining traction, but electrically powered hydraulic steering retains a significant advantage in specific vehicle types and applications. End-user demographics are primarily influenced by the growth in passenger car sales and the increasing demand for commercial vehicles, particularly in the logistics and transportation sectors. Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) activities have played a significant role in shaping the market landscape, with deal values reaching xx Million in recent years. Key M&A activities include [insert details of specific M&A activities if available. Otherwise, use "several key strategic acquisitions focused on technology integration and market expansion"].
- Market Share: JTEKT Corporation holds approximately xx% market share, followed by Denso Corporation at xx% and ZF at xx%.
- M&A Activity: Total M&A deal value in the last 5 years: xx Million.
- Innovation Focus: Enhanced efficiency, reduced energy consumption, improved safety.

Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Market Dynamics & Trends
The Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering market is projected to experience significant growth, with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of xx% during the forecast period (2025-2033). This growth is primarily driven by the increasing demand for fuel-efficient vehicles, stringent emission regulations, and rising adoption of advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS). Technological disruptions, such as the development of more efficient electric motors and sensors, are further accelerating market expansion. Consumer preferences are shifting towards safer, more efficient, and technologically advanced vehicles, contributing to the market's growth trajectory. Competitive dynamics are characterized by intense rivalry among major players, focusing on innovation, cost optimization, and strategic partnerships. Market penetration of electrically powered hydraulic steering systems is expected to reach xx% by 2033, driven by rising adoption across both passenger cars and commercial vehicles.

Dominant Regions & Segments in Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market
Germany is the leading region in the Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering market, driven by a robust automotive industry, strong economic growth, and substantial investment in infrastructure. The passenger car segment dominates the market, driven by increased sales and rising demand for advanced features. Within component types, Sensors represent the largest segment due to increasing integration of advanced driver assistance systems.
- Germany Dominance: Key drivers include a strong automotive manufacturing base, well-established supply chains, and government support for technological advancements.
- Passenger Car Segment: High demand driven by rising vehicle sales and increasing adoption of advanced safety features.
- Sensor Segment: Large market share attributed to the increasing integration of sensors in ADAS and other safety-related systems.
Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Product Innovations
Recent product innovations focus on miniaturization, improved energy efficiency, and enhanced integration with ADAS systems. New steering systems are incorporating advanced sensors and control algorithms for improved responsiveness and safety. The competitive advantage lies in developing systems with superior performance, lower energy consumption, and seamless integration with existing vehicle architectures. This leads to improved fuel economy and reduced emissions.
Report Scope & Segmentation Analysis
Component Type: The market is segmented by component type into Sensors, Steering Motor, and Others. The Sensors segment is projected to witness significant growth owing to increasing demand for advanced driver-assistance systems. The Steering Motor segment is expected to show steady growth driven by the rising demand for fuel efficiency. The Others segment is expected to exhibit moderate growth.
Vehicle Type: The market is segmented by vehicle type into Passenger Cars and Commercial Vehicles. The Passenger Car segment dominates the market due to higher vehicle sales, while the Commercial Vehicle segment is projected to witness considerable growth due to increasing demand for advanced safety features and fuel efficiency in commercial vehicles.
Key Drivers of Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Growth
The Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering market's growth is propelled by several key factors. Firstly, the stringent emission regulations enforced across Europe necessitate efficient and environmentally friendly automotive technologies, boosting demand for electrically powered hydraulic steering systems. Secondly, advancements in sensor technology and electric motor design continuously improve system performance and energy efficiency. Finally, the escalating demand for advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) is driving the incorporation of sophisticated steering technologies, further fueling market expansion.
Challenges in the Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Sector
The market faces challenges such as high initial investment costs associated with the adoption of new technologies, fluctuations in raw material prices impacting production costs, and intense competition among established players. Supply chain disruptions, especially in the sourcing of critical components, can also impact production and delivery timelines. Furthermore, the development of alternative steering technologies, like fully electric steering, presents a competitive pressure.
Emerging Opportunities in Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market
Emerging opportunities lie in the development of integrated steering systems that seamlessly incorporate ADAS functionalities. The growing demand for autonomous vehicles presents a significant opportunity for electrically powered hydraulic steering systems with enhanced safety and control features. Furthermore, expanding into new markets with less developed vehicle fleets and evolving infrastructure presents significant potential for growth.
Leading Players in the Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Market
- JTEKT Corporation
- Denso Corporation
- ZF
- NSK Ltd
- GKN PLC
- Mitsubishi Electric Corporation
- ATS Automation
- Hitachi Automotive Systems Ltd
- Nexteer Automation
- Robert Bosch GMBH
Key Developments in Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Industry
- 2022-03: ZF launched a new generation of electrically powered hydraulic steering system with improved efficiency and integration capabilities.
- 2023-06: JTEKT Corporation announced a strategic partnership to develop advanced steering systems for autonomous vehicles.
- [Insert other key developments with dates if available]
Future Outlook for Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Market
The Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering market is poised for continued growth, driven by ongoing technological advancements, stringent emission regulations, and the increasing demand for advanced safety features in vehicles. Strategic partnerships and investments in research and development will play a key role in shaping future market dynamics. The integration of electrically powered hydraulic steering systems with advanced driver-assistance systems and autonomous driving technologies will unlock significant growth opportunities in the coming years.
Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Segmentation
-
1. Component Type
- 1.1. Sensors
- 1.2. Steering Motor
- 1.3. Others
-
2. Vehicle Type
- 2.1. Passenger Cars
- 2.2. Commercial Vehicle
Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Segmentation By Geography
- 1. Germany
- 2. United Kingdom
- 3. France
- 4. Italy
- 5. Rest of Europe

Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of > 8.00% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. Rise in demand for Luxury Cars Across the Country
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. High Cost Associated with the Product
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Advancements in Electric Power Steering Technology Phasing Out the Electro-Hydraulic System
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Component Type
- 5.1.1. Sensors
- 5.1.2. Steering Motor
- 5.1.3. Others
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Vehicle Type
- 5.2.1. Passenger Cars
- 5.2.2. Commercial Vehicle
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.3.1. Germany
- 5.3.2. United Kingdom
- 5.3.3. France
- 5.3.4. Italy
- 5.3.5. Rest of Europe
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Component Type
- 6. Germany Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Component Type
- 6.1.1. Sensors
- 6.1.2. Steering Motor
- 6.1.3. Others
- 6.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Vehicle Type
- 6.2.1. Passenger Cars
- 6.2.2. Commercial Vehicle
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Component Type
- 7. United Kingdom Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Component Type
- 7.1.1. Sensors
- 7.1.2. Steering Motor
- 7.1.3. Others
- 7.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Vehicle Type
- 7.2.1. Passenger Cars
- 7.2.2. Commercial Vehicle
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Component Type
- 8. France Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Component Type
- 8.1.1. Sensors
- 8.1.2. Steering Motor
- 8.1.3. Others
- 8.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Vehicle Type
- 8.2.1. Passenger Cars
- 8.2.2. Commercial Vehicle
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Component Type
- 9. Italy Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Component Type
- 9.1.1. Sensors
- 9.1.2. Steering Motor
- 9.1.3. Others
- 9.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Vehicle Type
- 9.2.1. Passenger Cars
- 9.2.2. Commercial Vehicle
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Component Type
- 10. Rest of Europe Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Component Type
- 10.1.1. Sensors
- 10.1.2. Steering Motor
- 10.1.3. Others
- 10.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Vehicle Type
- 10.2.1. Passenger Cars
- 10.2.2. Commercial Vehicle
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Component Type
- 11. Germany Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 12. France Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 13. Italy Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 14. United Kingdom Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 15. Netherlands Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 16. Sweden Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 17. Rest of Europe Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 18. Competitive Analysis
- 18.1. Market Share Analysis 2024
- 18.2. Company Profiles
- 18.2.1 JTEKT Corporation
- 18.2.1.1. Overview
- 18.2.1.2. Products
- 18.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 18.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 18.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 18.2.2 Denso Corporation
- 18.2.2.1. Overview
- 18.2.2.2. Products
- 18.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 18.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 18.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 18.2.3 ZF
- 18.2.3.1. Overview
- 18.2.3.2. Products
- 18.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 18.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 18.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 18.2.4 NSK Ltd
- 18.2.4.1. Overview
- 18.2.4.2. Products
- 18.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 18.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 18.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 18.2.5 GKN PLC
- 18.2.5.1. Overview
- 18.2.5.2. Products
- 18.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 18.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 18.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 18.2.6 Mitsubishi Electric Corporation
- 18.2.6.1. Overview
- 18.2.6.2. Products
- 18.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 18.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 18.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 18.2.7 ATS Automation
- 18.2.7.1. Overview
- 18.2.7.2. Products
- 18.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 18.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 18.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 18.2.8 Hitachi Automotive Systems Ltd
- 18.2.8.1. Overview
- 18.2.8.2. Products
- 18.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 18.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 18.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 18.2.9 Nexteer Automation
- 18.2.9.1. Overview
- 18.2.9.2. Products
- 18.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 18.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 18.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 18.2.10 Robert Bosch Gmb
- 18.2.10.1. Overview
- 18.2.10.2. Products
- 18.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 18.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 18.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 18.2.1 JTEKT Corporation
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Product 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Share (%) by Company 2024
List of Tables
- Table 1: Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Component Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Vehicle Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: Germany Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: France Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: Italy Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: United Kingdom Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: Netherlands Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: Sweden Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: Rest of Europe Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Component Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Vehicle Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Component Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Vehicle Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Component Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Vehicle Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Component Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Vehicle Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 25: Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Component Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 26: Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Vehicle Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 27: Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately > 8.00%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market?
Key companies in the market include JTEKT Corporation, Denso Corporation, ZF, NSK Ltd, GKN PLC, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, ATS Automation, Hitachi Automotive Systems Ltd, Nexteer Automation, Robert Bosch Gmb.
3. What are the main segments of the Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market?
The market segments include Component Type, Vehicle Type.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XX Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
Rise in demand for Luxury Cars Across the Country.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Advancements in Electric Power Steering Technology Phasing Out the Electro-Hydraulic System.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
High Cost Associated with the Product.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
N/A
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 3800, USD 4500, and USD 5800 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Europe Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence