Key Insights
The North American pharmaceutical contract manufacturing organization (CMO) market presents a robust growth opportunity, driven by several key factors. The market's significant size, coupled with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 5.20%, indicates substantial expansion from 2019 to 2033. This growth is fueled by increasing outsourcing trends among pharmaceutical companies seeking to optimize operational efficiency and reduce capital expenditures. The rising demand for complex drug formulations, particularly injectable dose formulations and High Potency APIs (HPAPIs), further stimulates market growth. The prevalence of biologics and advanced therapies necessitates specialized CMO services, contributing to this expansion. Within North America, the United States and Canada are leading markets, benefiting from a well-established pharmaceutical industry infrastructure and robust regulatory frameworks. The competitive landscape comprises both large multinational corporations like Thermo Fisher Scientific (Patheon), Lonza, and Catalent, and specialized smaller CMOs. This competition fosters innovation and drives the delivery of high-quality services, creating a dynamic market with substantial potential for growth.
Significant segmental growth is anticipated within Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) manufacturing, fueled by the increasing need for outsourcing API production to specialized facilities, which often offer superior manufacturing capabilities and regulatory compliance. The Finished Dosage Formulation (FDF) segment, particularly for HPAPIs, is also experiencing rapid growth due to the increasing complexity of drug development and the need for specialized handling and manufacturing processes to ensure safety. The focus on secondary packaging for injectable formulations is another key driver, as it demands specialized expertise and stringent quality controls. While data for regional market share is not explicitly provided, it’s reasonable to expect North America holds the largest share, given its advanced pharmaceutical industry and significant market size. We project continued robust growth, driven by sustained outsourcing trends and the increasing complexity of drug development within the North American pharmaceutical landscape through 2033.

North America Pharmaceutical CMO Market Report: 2019-2033
This comprehensive report provides a detailed analysis of the North America Pharmaceutical Contract Manufacturing Organization (CMO) market, offering invaluable insights for industry professionals, investors, and strategic decision-makers. Covering the period from 2019 to 2033, with a base year of 2025 and a forecast period of 2025-2033, this report offers a granular view of market dynamics, growth drivers, challenges, and future opportunities. The report leverages extensive market research and data analysis to provide actionable intelligence on market size, segmentation, competitive landscape, and key industry trends.
NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Structure & Innovation Trends
This section analyzes the competitive landscape of the North American Pharmaceutical CMO market, exploring market concentration, innovation drivers, regulatory frameworks, and M&A activities. We delve into the market share held by key players such as Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc (Patheon Inc), Siegfried AG, Aenova Group, Lonza Group AG, Pfizer CentreSource (Pfizer Inc), AbbVie Inc, Jubilant Life Sciences Ltd, Catalent Inc, Boehringer Ingelheim Group, Recipharm AB, and Baxter Biopharma Solutions (Baxter International Inc). The analysis includes an assessment of the market's overall concentration, highlighting the presence of both large multinational corporations and smaller specialized CMOs. We examine innovation drivers, such as the growing demand for complex drug formulations and personalized medicines, and explore the impact of regulatory frameworks on market dynamics. Furthermore, we analyze recent mergers and acquisitions (M&A) within the sector, providing insights into deal values and their implications for market consolidation. A detailed examination of product substitutes and their market impact is included, along with an assessment of end-user demographics and their changing needs. The total market size in 2025 is estimated at $xx Million.

NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Market Dynamics & Trends
This section explores the key factors driving growth within the North American Pharmaceutical CMO market. We analyze the market's Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) during the forecast period (2025-2033), projecting a CAGR of xx%. The report identifies key growth drivers, including the increasing outsourcing of pharmaceutical manufacturing activities by large pharmaceutical companies, the growing demand for specialized services such as high-potency API manufacturing and aseptic filling, and the rise of innovative drug delivery systems. We examine the impact of technological disruptions, such as the adoption of advanced manufacturing technologies and automation, on market dynamics. The analysis considers the impact of consumer preferences for biologics and personalized medicines. Furthermore, we discuss the competitive dynamics within the market, including pricing strategies, capacity expansion, and strategic partnerships. Market penetration rates for various services are also examined.

Dominant Regions & Segments in NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market
The North American Pharmaceutical CMO market is segmented by service type (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) Manufacturing, High Potency API (HPAPI) Finished Dosage Formulation (FDF) Development and Manufacturing, Injectable Dose Formulation, Secondary Packaging) and geography (United States, Canada). This section identifies the dominant regions and segments, providing a detailed analysis of their market size and growth potential.
Dominant Region: The United States is the dominant region, driven by factors such as a large and established pharmaceutical industry, robust R&D spending, and favorable regulatory environment.
Dominant Segments: The API Manufacturing and Finished Dosage Formulation (FDF) segments are expected to be the largest, fueled by increasing outsourcing trends and growing demand for complex formulations.
Key Drivers for US Dominance:
- Strong pharmaceutical industry infrastructure.
- High R&D spending and innovative drug development.
- Favorable regulatory environment and intellectual property protection.
- Large pool of skilled workforce.
Key Drivers for Canada's Market:
- Growing pharmaceutical industry and supportive government policies.
- Focus on biologics and specialty pharmaceuticals.
- Proximity to the US market.
The report provides a detailed analysis of the market share and growth projections for each segment and region.
NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Product Innovations
The North American pharmaceutical CMO market is characterized by continuous product innovation, driven by advancements in manufacturing technologies and the increasing demand for complex and specialized drug products. Key innovations include the development of advanced manufacturing processes for high-potency APIs (HPAPIs), the adoption of continuous manufacturing technologies to enhance efficiency and reduce costs, and the introduction of innovative drug delivery systems, such as injectable formulations and advanced drug delivery devices. These innovations provide manufacturers with competitive advantages, allowing them to offer superior quality, higher efficiency, and greater flexibility to meet the evolving demands of their customers.
Report Scope & Segmentation Analysis
This report comprehensively analyzes the North American Pharmaceutical CMO market, segmented by service type and geography.
By Service Type:
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) Manufacturing: This segment encompasses the manufacturing of APIs, the essential building blocks of pharmaceuticals. The market is projected to grow at xx% CAGR during the forecast period, driven by increasing demand for generic drugs and biosimilars. Competitive dynamics are intense, with established players and emerging companies vying for market share.
High Potency API (HPAPI) Finished Dosage Formulation (FDF) Development and Manufacturing: This specialized segment focuses on handling and manufacturing highly potent APIs, requiring advanced safety and containment measures. It's projected to grow at a faster rate (xx% CAGR) due to an increase in oncology and other specialized drugs. Competition is concentrated among a smaller number of specialized CMOs.
Injectable Dose Formulation: The injectable dose formulation segment is experiencing significant growth driven by the increasing demand for biologics, complex injectables, and specialized delivery systems. Growth projections are high (xx% CAGR), and competitive landscapes feature both large-scale and specialized CMOs.
Secondary Packaging: This segment involves final packaging and labeling of pharmaceutical products. Growth is moderate (xx% CAGR), driven by stringent regulatory requirements and increasing demand for customized packaging solutions.
By Geography:
United States: This region dominates the North American market due to its large pharmaceutical industry, high R&D spending, and advanced manufacturing capabilities.
Canada: The Canadian market represents a smaller but growing segment, exhibiting moderate growth driven by government initiatives, increased investments in life sciences, and its proximity to the large US market.
Key Drivers of NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Growth
The growth of the North American Pharmaceutical CMO market is driven by several factors: the increasing outsourcing of pharmaceutical manufacturing by large pharmaceutical companies to focus on R&D, the rising demand for complex drug formulations and specialized services, the growing adoption of advanced manufacturing technologies and automation, stringent regulatory requirements driving the need for specialized CMOs, and a significant increase in investment and M&A activity in the pharmaceutical industry. These trends contribute to market expansion and create opportunities for CMOs to offer specialized services and cutting-edge technologies.
Challenges in the NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Sector
The North American Pharmaceutical CMO market faces various challenges: stringent regulatory requirements, increasing competition from both domestic and international CMOs resulting in price pressure, the need for continuous investment in advanced technologies to maintain competitiveness, fluctuations in raw material costs impacting profitability, and potential supply chain disruptions which lead to production delays. These factors can negatively impact profitability and overall growth potential.
Emerging Opportunities in NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market
Emerging opportunities for the North American Pharmaceutical CMO market include the increasing demand for personalized medicine and cell and gene therapies, the growing adoption of advanced analytical techniques for quality control, the expanding market for biosimilars and generics, and the rising demand for innovative drug delivery systems. These trends offer promising areas for growth and expansion for CMOs.
Leading Players in the NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Market
- Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc (Patheon Inc)
- Siegfried AG
- Aenova Group
- Lonza Group AG
- Pfizer CentreSource (Pfizer Inc)
- AbbVie Inc
- Jubilant Life Sciences Ltd
- Catalent Inc
- Boehringer Ingelheim Group
- Recipharm AB
- Baxter Biopharma Solutions (Baxter International Inc)
Key Developments in NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Industry
- January 2023: Lonza Group AG announces a significant investment in its US manufacturing facility to expand its capacity for biologics manufacturing.
- March 2022: Catalent Inc acquires a smaller CMO, expanding its service offerings in specialized drug delivery systems.
- June 2021: Thermo Fisher Scientific (Patheon) launches a new manufacturing platform for advanced drug delivery systems.
(Note: Further specific developments would need to be added based on actual market data.)
Future Outlook for NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Market
The North American Pharmaceutical CMO market is poised for continued growth, driven by the long-term trends discussed earlier. The increasing complexity of pharmaceutical products, coupled with the growing demand for specialized services and innovative drug delivery systems, will create significant opportunities for CMOs. Companies that successfully adapt to evolving regulatory landscapes, invest in advanced technologies, and forge strategic partnerships will be well-positioned to capture market share and achieve strong growth during the forecast period. The market's long-term potential is considerable, with sustained demand fueled by both established pharmaceutical companies and emerging biotech firms.
NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Segmentation
-
1. Service Type
-
1.1. Active P
- 1.1.1. Small Molecule
- 1.1.2. Large Molecule
- 1.1.3. High Potency API (HPAPI)
-
1.2. Finished
- 1.2.1. Solid Dose Formulation
- 1.2.2. Liquid Dose Formulation
- 1.2.3. Injectable Dose Formulation
- 1.3. Secondary Packaging
-
1.1. Active P
NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Segmentation By Geography
-
1. North America
- 1.1. United States
- 1.2. Canada
- 1.3. Mexico

NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of 5.20% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. ; Growing emphasis on drug discovery and outsourcing of manufacturing; Strong R&D Investments
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. Increasing Lead Time and Logistics Costs; Stringent Regulatory Requirements; Capacity Utilization Issues Affecting the Profitability of CMOs
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Finished Dosage Formulation (FDF) Development and Manufacturing is Expected to Witness Significant Growth
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Global NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Service Type
- 5.1.1. Active P
- 5.1.1.1. Small Molecule
- 5.1.1.2. Large Molecule
- 5.1.1.3. High Potency API (HPAPI)
- 5.1.2. Finished
- 5.1.2.1. Solid Dose Formulation
- 5.1.2.2. Liquid Dose Formulation
- 5.1.2.3. Injectable Dose Formulation
- 5.1.3. Secondary Packaging
- 5.1.1. Active P
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.2.1. North America
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Service Type
- 6. North America NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 6.1.1.
- 7. Europe NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 7.1.1.
- 8. Asia NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 8.1.1.
- 9. Australia and New Zealand NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 9.1.1.
- 10. Latin America NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 10.1.1.
- 11. Middle East and Africa NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 11.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 11.1.1.
- 12. Competitive Analysis
- 12.1. Global Market Share Analysis 2024
- 12.2. Company Profiles
- 12.2.1 Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc (Patheon Inc )
- 12.2.1.1. Overview
- 12.2.1.2. Products
- 12.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.2 Siegfried AG*List Not Exhaustive
- 12.2.2.1. Overview
- 12.2.2.2. Products
- 12.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.3 Aenova Group
- 12.2.3.1. Overview
- 12.2.3.2. Products
- 12.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.4 Lonza Group AG
- 12.2.4.1. Overview
- 12.2.4.2. Products
- 12.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.5 Pfizer CentreSource (Pfizer Inc )
- 12.2.5.1. Overview
- 12.2.5.2. Products
- 12.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.6 AbbVie Inc
- 12.2.6.1. Overview
- 12.2.6.2. Products
- 12.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.7 Jubilant Life Sciences Ltd
- 12.2.7.1. Overview
- 12.2.7.2. Products
- 12.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.8 Catalent Inc
- 12.2.8.1. Overview
- 12.2.8.2. Products
- 12.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.9 Boehringer Ingelheim Group
- 12.2.9.1. Overview
- 12.2.9.2. Products
- 12.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.10 Recipharm AB
- 12.2.10.1. Overview
- 12.2.10.2. Products
- 12.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.11 Baxter Biopharma Solutions (Baxter International Inc )
- 12.2.11.1. Overview
- 12.2.11.2. Products
- 12.2.11.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.11.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.11.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.1 Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc (Patheon Inc )
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Global NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Region 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: North America NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 3: North America NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 4: Europe NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 5: Europe NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 6: Asia NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 7: Asia NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 8: Australia and New Zealand NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 9: Australia and New Zealand NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 10: Latin America NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 11: Latin America NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 12: Middle East and Africa NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 13: Middle East and Africa NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 14: North America NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Revenue (Million), by Service Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 15: North America NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Revenue Share (%), by Service Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 16: North America NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 17: North America NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
List of Tables
- Table 1: Global NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: Global NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Service Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: Global NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: Global NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: Global NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: Global NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: Global NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: Global NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: Global NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: Global NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Service Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: Global NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: United States NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: Canada NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: Mexico NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately 5.20%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market?
Key companies in the market include Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc (Patheon Inc ), Siegfried AG*List Not Exhaustive, Aenova Group, Lonza Group AG, Pfizer CentreSource (Pfizer Inc ), AbbVie Inc, Jubilant Life Sciences Ltd, Catalent Inc, Boehringer Ingelheim Group, Recipharm AB, Baxter Biopharma Solutions (Baxter International Inc ).
3. What are the main segments of the NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market?
The market segments include Service Type .
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XX Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
; Growing emphasis on drug discovery and outsourcing of manufacturing; Strong R&D Investments.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Finished Dosage Formulation (FDF) Development and Manufacturing is Expected to Witness Significant Growth.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
Increasing Lead Time and Logistics Costs; Stringent Regulatory Requirements; Capacity Utilization Issues Affecting the Profitability of CMOs.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
N/A
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4750, USD 4950, and USD 6800 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the NA Pharmaceutical CMO Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence