Key Insights
The North American commercial printing market, valued at $238 million in 2025, is projected to experience moderate growth, driven primarily by the increasing demand for personalized marketing materials and specialized packaging solutions. The market's Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 1.27% from 2025 to 2033 indicates a steady, albeit not explosive, expansion. Key growth drivers include the rising adoption of digital printing technologies enabling faster turnaround times and cost-effective short-run printing. Furthermore, the increasing focus on sustainable printing practices, utilizing eco-friendly inks and recycled materials, is attracting environmentally conscious businesses and contributing to market growth. However, the market faces restraints such as the continued rise of digital marketing channels, which are increasingly favored over traditional print media for advertising and promotional purposes. This shift necessitates adaptation among commercial printers, with many focusing on niche markets like high-quality packaging and personalized print products to maintain competitiveness. The market is segmented by printing type (e.g., offset, digital, flexographic), application (e.g., packaging, brochures, marketing materials), and print-on-demand services. Major players such as Amcor Group, Graphic Packaging International, and others are focusing on technological advancements and strategic partnerships to enhance their market positioning.
The competitive landscape is characterized by a mix of large multinational corporations and smaller specialized printers. Larger players benefit from economies of scale and diversified offerings, while smaller businesses often thrive by specializing in niche areas, offering unique services and personalized attention. To maintain profitability, the industry is actively pursuing operational efficiencies, including automation and process optimization. The forecast period (2025-2033) suggests continued growth, albeit at a moderate pace, shaped by factors such as evolving consumer preferences, technological advancements, and the ongoing adaptation of printing services to the evolving digital landscape. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for stakeholders to make informed business decisions and navigate the complexities of this evolving market.

North America Commercial Printing Market Report: 2019-2033
This comprehensive report provides an in-depth analysis of the North America commercial printing market, offering invaluable insights for industry professionals, investors, and strategic planners. Covering the period from 2019 to 2033, with a focus on 2025, this report unveils the market's structure, dynamics, key players, and future outlook. The study includes detailed segmentation analysis, examining growth drivers, challenges, and emerging opportunities within the sector. Download now to gain a competitive edge.
Keywords: North America Commercial Printing Market, Commercial Printing, Printing Industry, Packaging, Digital Printing, Market Size, Market Share, Market Growth, CAGR, Market Analysis, Market Report, Industry Trends, Competitive Landscape, Sustainability, M&A, American Packaging Corporation, Resource Label Group, Amcor, Quad/Graphics, Vistaprint
North America Commercial Printing Market Structure & Innovation Trends
This section analyzes the market concentration, innovation drivers, regulatory landscape, substitute products, end-user demographics, and mergers and acquisitions (M&A) activities within the North American commercial printing market. The market exhibits a moderately consolidated structure, with several large players holding significant market share. However, a considerable number of smaller, specialized printers also contribute to the overall market.
- Market Concentration: The top 5 players hold an estimated xx% market share in 2025. This share is projected to xx% by 2033, indicating a slightly more consolidated market.
- Innovation Drivers: Technological advancements like digital printing, personalized marketing solutions, and sustainable packaging options are major innovation drivers.
- Regulatory Framework: Environmental regulations regarding waste reduction and sustainable materials significantly influence market practices and product development.
- Product Substitutes: The rise of digital marketing and e-commerce presents a competitive challenge, reducing demand for some traditional print products.
- End-User Demographics: The market is diverse, catering to various sectors, including packaging, publishing, advertising, and marketing. Growth is particularly driven by sectors with high demand for customized solutions.
- M&A Activity: M&A activity in the sector has been moderate in recent years, with deal values averaging xx Million annually. Consolidation is expected to continue, driven by the need for scale and technological advancements.

North America Commercial Printing Market Dynamics & Trends
This section explores the market's growth drivers, technological disruptions, consumer preferences, and competitive dynamics. The market exhibits a moderate growth rate, influenced by various factors.
The North American commercial printing market is experiencing a CAGR of xx% during the forecast period (2025-2033). This growth is driven by factors including the increasing demand for customized packaging solutions, the growing adoption of digital printing technologies, and the rising preference for sustainable printing practices. However, the market faces challenges from the growth of digital marketing, shifting consumer preferences towards digital content, and increasing competition from low-cost providers. Market penetration of digital printing technologies is estimated at xx% in 2025, expected to rise to xx% by 2033.

Dominant Regions & Segments in North America Commercial Printing Market
The report identifies the leading regions and segments within the North American commercial printing market.
- Dominant Region: The [Insert Dominant Region e.g., Northeast] region holds the largest market share due to factors including a high concentration of businesses, advanced infrastructure, and strong consumer demand.
Key Drivers in Dominant Region:
- High concentration of businesses and industries
- Well-developed infrastructure and logistics network
- High disposable income and consumer spending
- Strong government support for manufacturing and related industries
Detailed dominance analysis highlights the influence of regional economic policies, infrastructure development, and the presence of major printing companies in this region. Other regions such as the South and West also contribute significantly, driven by growing economies and evolving consumer demand. The market is segmented by printing process (offset, digital, screen, flexographic), product type (packaging, labels, commercial printing, etc.), and end-user industry (e.g., food & beverage, pharmaceuticals, retail).
North America Commercial Printing Market Product Innovations
Recent product innovations focus on enhancing efficiency, sustainability, and customization. This includes advanced digital printing technologies offering higher speed, improved quality, and cost-effective personalized solutions. Sustainable printing methods using eco-friendly inks and materials are gaining traction, catering to growing environmental consciousness. These innovations enhance competitive advantages by offering improved product quality, faster turnaround times, and lower environmental impact.
Report Scope & Segmentation Analysis
The report segments the market by printing process (offset, digital, flexographic, screen), product type (labels, packaging, brochures, books), and end-use industry (food & beverage, pharmaceuticals, retail). Each segment's growth is analyzed, considering market size, competitive dynamics, and future projections. For example, the digital printing segment is expected to exhibit the fastest growth, driven by increased demand for personalized and on-demand printing solutions.
Key Drivers of North America Commercial Printing Market Growth
Several factors drive the growth of the North American commercial printing market. Firstly, the increasing demand for customized packaging across various industries fuels growth. Secondly, the adoption of advanced digital printing technologies enhances efficiency and reduces costs. Finally, the growing emphasis on sustainable practices within the printing industry supports the development and adoption of eco-friendly printing methods.
Challenges in the North America Commercial Printing Market Sector
The industry faces challenges including intense competition from digital marketing channels, rising input costs (paper, inks), and stringent environmental regulations. These factors may impact profitability and necessitate strategic adaptations by printing companies. Supply chain disruptions can also lead to production delays and increased costs.
Emerging Opportunities in North America Commercial Printing Market
Emerging opportunities include the expanding demand for specialized packaging (e.g., sustainable, personalized), the growing adoption of augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) in print marketing, and the potential for growth in niche markets like 3D printing. Furthermore, technological advancements and improved sustainability practices open up new market segments and revenue streams.
Leading Players in the North America Commercial Printing Market Market
- C-P Flexible Packaging Inc
- Amcor Group
- Graphic Packaging International
- American Packaging Corporation
- Resource Label Group LLC
- Weber Packaging Solution
- Advanced Labelworx Inc
- Multi-colour Corporation
- OMNI Systems Inc
- Quad (formerly known as Quad/Graphics)
- Vistaprint (Cimpress PLC)
- R R Donnelley & Sons Company
- Deluxe Corporation
- Taylor Corporation
- LSC Communications LLC
- 4over LLC
- JPS Books + Logistics
- Cober Solutions
- CJ Graphics Inc
- Hemlock Printers Ltd
Key Developments in North America Commercial Printing Market Industry
- May 2024: American Packaging Corporation expanded operations with a new digital printing unit in Wisconsin, enhancing flexible packaging capabilities.
- February 2024: Resource Label Group LLC launched RLG Healthcare, a division specializing in pharmaceutical and healthcare packaging solutions.
Future Outlook for North America Commercial Printing Market Market
The future of the North American commercial printing market looks promising, driven by continued technological advancements, evolving consumer preferences, and the increasing demand for sustainable packaging solutions. Strategic investments in digital printing technologies, expansion into niche markets, and a focus on sustainability will be crucial for continued growth and success within the industry.
North America Commercial Printing Market Segmentation
-
1. Technology
- 1.1. Offset Lithography
- 1.2. Inkjet
- 1.3. Flexographic
- 1.4. Screen
- 1.5. Gravure
- 1.6. Others (Electrophotography and Letterpress)
-
2. Application
- 2.1. Direct Mail
- 2.2. Books & Stationery
- 2.3. Business Forms & Cards
- 2.4. Tickets (Lottery, others)
- 2.5. Advertis
- 2.6. Transactional Print
- 2.7. Security
- 2.8. Labels
- 2.9. Packaging (Paper & Other Packaging)
- 2.10. Other Applications
-
3. North America Commercial Printing Growth Analysis
- 3.1. Factors Responsible for Growth Projections
- 3.2. Key Segm
- 3.3. Labels I
-
4. Printing Industry Supply Landscape
- 4.1. Printing
- 4.2. Inks & Toners
- 4.3. Printing Equipment
- 4.4. Print Components - Printheads, etc.
- 4.5. Printing Services in North America
North America Commercial Printing Market Segmentation By Geography
-
1. North America
- 1.1. United States
- 1.2. Canada
- 1.3. Mexico

North America Commercial Printing Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of 1.27% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. Economic Growth & Industrialization; Rising Demand for Flexible and E-commerce Packaging; Advertising Printing & Branding Growth
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. Economic Growth & Industrialization; Rising Demand for Flexible and E-commerce Packaging; Advertising Printing & Branding Growth
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Packaging Application Segment is Expected to Hold Significant Market Share
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. North America Commercial Printing Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Technology
- 5.1.1. Offset Lithography
- 5.1.2. Inkjet
- 5.1.3. Flexographic
- 5.1.4. Screen
- 5.1.5. Gravure
- 5.1.6. Others (Electrophotography and Letterpress)
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 5.2.1. Direct Mail
- 5.2.2. Books & Stationery
- 5.2.3. Business Forms & Cards
- 5.2.4. Tickets (Lottery, others)
- 5.2.5. Advertis
- 5.2.6. Transactional Print
- 5.2.7. Security
- 5.2.8. Labels
- 5.2.9. Packaging (Paper & Other Packaging)
- 5.2.10. Other Applications
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by North America Commercial Printing Growth Analysis
- 5.3.1. Factors Responsible for Growth Projections
- 5.3.2. Key Segm
- 5.3.3. Labels I
- 5.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Printing Industry Supply Landscape
- 5.4.1. Printing
- 5.4.2. Inks & Toners
- 5.4.3. Printing Equipment
- 5.4.4. Print Components - Printheads, etc.
- 5.4.5. Printing Services in North America
- 5.5. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.5.1. North America
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Technology
- 6. Competitive Analysis
- 6.1. Market Share Analysis 2024
- 6.2. Company Profiles
- 6.2.1 C-P Flexible Packaging Inc
- 6.2.1.1. Overview
- 6.2.1.2. Products
- 6.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.2 Amcor Group
- 6.2.2.1. Overview
- 6.2.2.2. Products
- 6.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.3 Graphic Packaging International
- 6.2.3.1. Overview
- 6.2.3.2. Products
- 6.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.4 American Packaging Corporation
- 6.2.4.1. Overview
- 6.2.4.2. Products
- 6.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.5 Resource Label Group LLC
- 6.2.5.1. Overview
- 6.2.5.2. Products
- 6.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.6 Weber Packaging Solution
- 6.2.6.1. Overview
- 6.2.6.2. Products
- 6.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.7 Advanced Labelworx Inc
- 6.2.7.1. Overview
- 6.2.7.2. Products
- 6.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.8 Multi-colour Corporation
- 6.2.8.1. Overview
- 6.2.8.2. Products
- 6.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.9 OMNI Systems Inc
- 6.2.9.1. Overview
- 6.2.9.2. Products
- 6.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.10 Quad (formerly known as Quad/Graphics)
- 6.2.10.1. Overview
- 6.2.10.2. Products
- 6.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.11 Vistaprint (Cimpress PLC)
- 6.2.11.1. Overview
- 6.2.11.2. Products
- 6.2.11.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.11.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.11.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.12 R R Donnelley & Sons Company
- 6.2.12.1. Overview
- 6.2.12.2. Products
- 6.2.12.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.12.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.12.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.13 Deluxe Corporation
- 6.2.13.1. Overview
- 6.2.13.2. Products
- 6.2.13.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.13.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.13.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.14 Taylor Corporation
- 6.2.14.1. Overview
- 6.2.14.2. Products
- 6.2.14.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.14.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.14.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.15 LSC Communications LLC
- 6.2.15.1. Overview
- 6.2.15.2. Products
- 6.2.15.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.15.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.15.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.16 4over LLC
- 6.2.16.1. Overview
- 6.2.16.2. Products
- 6.2.16.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.16.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.16.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.17 JPS Books + Logistics
- 6.2.17.1. Overview
- 6.2.17.2. Products
- 6.2.17.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.17.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.17.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.18 Cober Solutions
- 6.2.18.1. Overview
- 6.2.18.2. Products
- 6.2.18.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.18.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.18.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.19 CJ Graphics Inc
- 6.2.19.1. Overview
- 6.2.19.2. Products
- 6.2.19.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.19.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.19.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.20 Hemlock Printers Ltd*List Not Exhaustive 7 2 Sustainability Trends in the North American Printing Industr
- 6.2.20.1. Overview
- 6.2.20.2. Products
- 6.2.20.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.20.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.20.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.1 C-P Flexible Packaging Inc
List of Figures
- Figure 1: North America Commercial Printing Market Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Product 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: North America Commercial Printing Market Share (%) by Company 2024
List of Tables
- Table 1: North America Commercial Printing Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: North America Commercial Printing Market Volume Billion Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: North America Commercial Printing Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Technology 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: North America Commercial Printing Market Volume Billion Forecast, by Technology 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: North America Commercial Printing Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: North America Commercial Printing Market Volume Billion Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: North America Commercial Printing Market Revenue Million Forecast, by North America Commercial Printing Growth Analysis 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: North America Commercial Printing Market Volume Billion Forecast, by North America Commercial Printing Growth Analysis 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: North America Commercial Printing Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Printing Industry Supply Landscape 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: North America Commercial Printing Market Volume Billion Forecast, by Printing Industry Supply Landscape 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: North America Commercial Printing Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: North America Commercial Printing Market Volume Billion Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: North America Commercial Printing Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Technology 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: North America Commercial Printing Market Volume Billion Forecast, by Technology 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: North America Commercial Printing Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: North America Commercial Printing Market Volume Billion Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: North America Commercial Printing Market Revenue Million Forecast, by North America Commercial Printing Growth Analysis 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: North America Commercial Printing Market Volume Billion Forecast, by North America Commercial Printing Growth Analysis 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: North America Commercial Printing Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Printing Industry Supply Landscape 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: North America Commercial Printing Market Volume Billion Forecast, by Printing Industry Supply Landscape 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: North America Commercial Printing Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: North America Commercial Printing Market Volume Billion Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: United States North America Commercial Printing Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: United States North America Commercial Printing Market Volume (Billion) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 25: Canada North America Commercial Printing Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 26: Canada North America Commercial Printing Market Volume (Billion) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 27: Mexico North America Commercial Printing Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 28: Mexico North America Commercial Printing Market Volume (Billion) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the North America Commercial Printing Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately 1.27%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the North America Commercial Printing Market?
Key companies in the market include C-P Flexible Packaging Inc, Amcor Group, Graphic Packaging International, American Packaging Corporation, Resource Label Group LLC, Weber Packaging Solution, Advanced Labelworx Inc, Multi-colour Corporation, OMNI Systems Inc, Quad (formerly known as Quad/Graphics), Vistaprint (Cimpress PLC), R R Donnelley & Sons Company, Deluxe Corporation, Taylor Corporation, LSC Communications LLC, 4over LLC, JPS Books + Logistics, Cober Solutions, CJ Graphics Inc, Hemlock Printers Ltd*List Not Exhaustive 7 2 Sustainability Trends in the North American Printing Industr.
3. What are the main segments of the North America Commercial Printing Market?
The market segments include Technology, Application, North America Commercial Printing Growth Analysis, Printing Industry Supply Landscape.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD 238 Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
Economic Growth & Industrialization; Rising Demand for Flexible and E-commerce Packaging; Advertising Printing & Branding Growth.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Packaging Application Segment is Expected to Hold Significant Market Share.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
Economic Growth & Industrialization; Rising Demand for Flexible and E-commerce Packaging; Advertising Printing & Branding Growth.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
May 2024: The American Packaging Corporation expanded its operations by opening a second production unit for digitally printed flexible packaging at its Wisconsin Center of Excellence. The company invested in this new unit's packaging equipment and service capabilities, including digital printing, laminating, registered coating, and pouch-making machinery. APC established a rapid response library of stocked packaging materials designed to fulfill orders within 15 days or less.February 2024: Resource Label Group LLC (RLG) announced the formation of a specialty pharmaceutical and healthcare packaging division named RLG Healthcare. The formation of RLG Healthcare is expected to help the company offer packaging solutions such as labels, inserts, cartons, and others for the pharmaceutical and healthcare sector in the region.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4750, USD 4950, and USD 6800 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million and volume, measured in Billion.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "North America Commercial Printing Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the North America Commercial Printing Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the North America Commercial Printing Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the North America Commercial Printing Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence