Key Insights
The South American adhesives market, currently valued at approximately $XX million (estimated based on global market trends and regional economic indicators), is projected to experience robust growth, exhibiting a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) exceeding 5% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key drivers. The burgeoning construction sector in major economies like Brazil and Argentina is a significant contributor, demanding high volumes of adhesives for various applications. Furthermore, the growth of the automotive and packaging industries across the region is steadily increasing demand. Technological advancements, particularly in water-borne and UV-cured adhesives, are also contributing to market growth, as they offer environmentally friendly and efficient alternatives. However, fluctuating raw material prices and economic instability in certain South American countries pose potential restraints to market expansion. The market is segmented by resin type (silicone, polyurethane, acrylic, epoxy, cyanoacrylate, VAE/EVA, others), end-user industry (building & construction, aerospace, automotive, footwear & leather, healthcare, packaging, woodwork & joinery, others), and technology (water-borne, solvent-borne, reactive, hot melt, UV-cured, others). Silicone and polyurethane adhesives dominate the resin type segment due to their versatility, while the building and construction sector accounts for the largest end-user share.
Growth within specific segments is expected to vary. The increasing emphasis on sustainable construction practices will likely boost the demand for eco-friendly water-borne adhesives. Similarly, the expanding automotive industry, coupled with advancements in lightweight materials, will propel demand for high-performance adhesives. Within the geographical breakdown, Brazil and Argentina are anticipated to lead the market, driven by robust infrastructure development and industrial growth. However, other South American countries are expected to contribute to overall growth, albeit at a potentially slower pace, reflecting varying levels of economic development and infrastructure investment. Competition in the market is relatively high, with both multinational corporations and regional players vying for market share. The leading companies, including 3M, Henkel, Sika, and others, are actively pursuing innovation and strategic partnerships to maintain their competitive edge. Future market success will depend on factors such as sustained economic growth in the region, favorable government policies, and the ability of companies to effectively meet the evolving needs of various end-user industries.

South America Adhesives Market: A Comprehensive Report (2019-2033)
This comprehensive report provides an in-depth analysis of the South America Adhesives Market, offering invaluable insights for industry professionals, investors, and strategic decision-makers. The study covers the period 2019-2033, with 2025 as the base year and a forecast period extending to 2033. The report segments the market by resin type, end-user industry, and technology, providing detailed market sizing and growth projections. Key players such as Poliplas Group, Henkel AG & Co KGaA, Brascola, 3M, Arkema Group, Dow, H.B. Fuller Company, Soudal Holding N.V., Sika AG, and AVERY DENNISON CORPORATION are analyzed, along with market dynamics, challenges, and opportunities.
South America Adhesives Market Structure & Innovation Trends
The South America adhesives market exhibits a moderately fragmented structure, with several key players holding significant market share but no single dominant entity. Poliplas Group and Henkel AG & Co KGaA are among the leading players, but the market also includes a range of regional and specialized companies. Market share dynamics are influenced by factors such as product innovation, pricing strategies, and distribution networks. The market is characterized by continuous innovation driven by the need for higher-performance adhesives across diverse applications. Regulatory frameworks, including those concerning environmental sustainability and worker safety, significantly impact product development and market access. Product substitution, particularly with the emergence of eco-friendly and bio-based adhesives, is an evolving aspect. M&A activity within the South American adhesives landscape has been moderate in recent years, with deal values ranging from xx Million to xx Million.
- Market Concentration: Moderately fragmented.
- Innovation Drivers: Demand for high-performance adhesives, sustainability concerns, and regulatory pressures.
- Regulatory Frameworks: Varying across South American countries, impacting material compliance and labeling.
- Product Substitutes: Growth of bio-based and eco-friendly adhesives.
- M&A Activity: Moderate activity with deal values ranging from xx Million to xx Million.

South America Adhesives Market Dynamics & Trends
The South America adhesives market is projected to experience a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of xx% during the forecast period (2025-2033). This growth is driven by several factors, including a robust construction industry, expanding automotive and packaging sectors, and rising demand from healthcare and other end-user industries. Technological advancements, particularly in the development of high-performance adhesives with enhanced properties like improved bonding strength, durability, and faster curing times, are accelerating market expansion. The increasing consumer preference for sustainable and eco-friendly products is also influencing market trends, driving the demand for bio-based and water-borne adhesives. Competitive dynamics are intense, with existing players focusing on product diversification and strategic partnerships to maintain market share. Market penetration varies significantly across different segments, with the building and construction sector currently dominating.

Dominant Regions & Segments in South America Adhesives Market
The Brazilian adhesives market currently holds the largest share within South America, driven by its extensive construction industry and robust industrial base. Other significant markets include Argentina, Colombia, and Chile.
- Leading Region: Brazil
- Leading Resin Type: Polyurethane (driven by its versatility in construction and automotive)
- Leading End-User Industry: Building and Construction (due to extensive infrastructure projects and housing developments)
- Leading Technology: Solvent-borne (widely used for their cost-effectiveness and performance characteristics)
Key drivers for the dominance of specific segments include factors such as strong economic growth, supportive government policies, and favorable infrastructure investments. For example, Brazil's expanding infrastructure projects fuel demand for construction adhesives.
South America Adhesives Market Product Innovations
Recent product innovations include the introduction of adhesives with enhanced thermal stability, improved water resistance, and better adhesion to various substrates. There's a growing trend towards sustainable and environmentally friendly adhesives, reflecting increasing awareness of environmental concerns. The market is witnessing the development of adhesives designed for specific applications, such as high-temperature environments or medical devices. These innovations enhance product performance, expand application possibilities, and provide competitive advantages. The incorporation of nanotechnology and bio-based materials enhances both performance and environmental profile.
Report Scope & Segmentation Analysis
This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the South America adhesives market, segmented by:
Resin Type: Silicone, Polyurethane, Acrylic, Epoxy, Cyanoacrylate, VAE/EVA, Other Resin Types. Each segment's growth is influenced by its unique properties and suitability for different applications. Polyurethane shows significant growth due to its versatility.
End-User Industry: Building and Construction, Aerospace, Automotive, Footwear and Leather, Healthcare, Packaging, Woodwork and Joinery, Other End-user Industries. The Building and Construction sector continues to be the primary driver.
Technology: Water-borne, Solvent-borne, Reactive, Hot Melt, UV-Cured Adhesives, Other Technologies. The dominance of solvent-borne reflects its broad applicability. Each segment exhibits varying growth rates and market sizes, depending on technological advancements and specific demand patterns.
Key Drivers of South America Adhesives Market Growth
The South America adhesives market is propelled by a combination of factors. The region's robust construction sector, driven by urbanization and infrastructure development projects, significantly boosts demand. The expanding automotive and packaging industries also contribute to market growth. Furthermore, advancements in adhesive technology, providing improved performance and sustainability, are driving market expansion. Government initiatives promoting industrial growth and supportive economic policies further fuel market expansion.
Challenges in the South America Adhesives Market Sector
Challenges in the South America adhesives market include fluctuations in raw material prices, impacting production costs and profitability. Supply chain disruptions, especially during periods of global uncertainty, can also affect market stability. Stringent environmental regulations and safety standards increase compliance costs for manufacturers. Intense competition from both local and international players necessitates continuous product innovation and strategic adjustments.
Emerging Opportunities in South America Adhesives Market
Emerging opportunities stem from the growing demand for eco-friendly and sustainable adhesives, aligning with global environmental concerns. The increasing adoption of advanced adhesive technologies, particularly in specialized applications like aerospace and medical devices, presents substantial growth potential. Expansion into underserved markets within South America and the development of niche adhesive products targeting specific applications unlock new opportunities for growth.
Leading Players in the South America Adhesives Market Market
- Poliplas Group
- Henkel AG & Co KGaA
- Brascola
- 3M
- Arkema Group
- Dow
- H.B. Fuller Company
- Soudal Holding N.V.
- Sika AG
- AVERY DENNISON CORPORATION
Key Developments in South America Adhesives Market Industry
- January 2023: H.B. Fuller Company introduced Swift®melt 1515-I, a hot melt adhesive for medical applications, expanding its product portfolio and targeting a high-growth segment.
- July 2021: H.B. Fuller announced a strategic agreement with Covestro to offer sustainable adhesives, demonstrating a focus on meeting growing demand for environmentally friendly products.
Future Outlook for South America Adhesives Market Market
The South America adhesives market is poised for continued growth, driven by sustained economic expansion, infrastructure development, and the growing demand across diverse end-user industries. Strategic investments in research and development, focusing on sustainable and high-performance adhesives, will shape market dynamics. The increasing adoption of advanced technologies and the emergence of innovative adhesive solutions will create new growth opportunities and enhance market competitiveness. The market's future trajectory remains optimistic, with significant potential for expansion and further consolidation.
South America Adhesives Market Segmentation
-
1. End-User Industry
- 1.1. Building and Construction
- 1.2. Aerospace
- 1.3. Automotive
- 1.4. Footwear and Leather
- 1.5. Healthcare
- 1.6. Packaging
- 1.7. Woodwork and Joinery
- 1.8. Other End-user Industries
-
2. Technology
- 2.1. Water-borne
- 2.2. Solvent-borne
- 2.3. Reactive
- 2.4. Hot Melt
- 2.5. UV-Cured Adhesives
- 2.6. Other Technologies
-
3. Resin Type
- 3.1. Silicone
- 3.2. Polyurethane
- 3.3. Acrylic
- 3.4. Epoxy
- 3.5. Cyanoacrylate
- 3.6. VAE/EVA
- 3.7. Other Resin Types
-
4. Geography
- 4.1. Argentina
- 4.2. Brazil
- 4.3. Rest of South America
South America Adhesives Market Segmentation By Geography
- 1. Argentina
- 2. Brazil
- 3. Rest of South America

South America Adhesives Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of > 5.00% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. Rising Demand from Packaging Industry; Other Drivers
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. ; Limited Resistance to Moisture and Water; Other Restraints
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Increasing Demand from Packaging Industry
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. South America Adhesives Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End-User Industry
- 5.1.1. Building and Construction
- 5.1.2. Aerospace
- 5.1.3. Automotive
- 5.1.4. Footwear and Leather
- 5.1.5. Healthcare
- 5.1.6. Packaging
- 5.1.7. Woodwork and Joinery
- 5.1.8. Other End-user Industries
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Technology
- 5.2.1. Water-borne
- 5.2.2. Solvent-borne
- 5.2.3. Reactive
- 5.2.4. Hot Melt
- 5.2.5. UV-Cured Adhesives
- 5.2.6. Other Technologies
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Resin Type
- 5.3.1. Silicone
- 5.3.2. Polyurethane
- 5.3.3. Acrylic
- 5.3.4. Epoxy
- 5.3.5. Cyanoacrylate
- 5.3.6. VAE/EVA
- 5.3.7. Other Resin Types
- 5.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 5.4.1. Argentina
- 5.4.2. Brazil
- 5.4.3. Rest of South America
- 5.5. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.5.1. Argentina
- 5.5.2. Brazil
- 5.5.3. Rest of South America
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End-User Industry
- 6. Argentina South America Adhesives Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End-User Industry
- 6.1.1. Building and Construction
- 6.1.2. Aerospace
- 6.1.3. Automotive
- 6.1.4. Footwear and Leather
- 6.1.5. Healthcare
- 6.1.6. Packaging
- 6.1.7. Woodwork and Joinery
- 6.1.8. Other End-user Industries
- 6.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Technology
- 6.2.1. Water-borne
- 6.2.2. Solvent-borne
- 6.2.3. Reactive
- 6.2.4. Hot Melt
- 6.2.5. UV-Cured Adhesives
- 6.2.6. Other Technologies
- 6.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Resin Type
- 6.3.1. Silicone
- 6.3.2. Polyurethane
- 6.3.3. Acrylic
- 6.3.4. Epoxy
- 6.3.5. Cyanoacrylate
- 6.3.6. VAE/EVA
- 6.3.7. Other Resin Types
- 6.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 6.4.1. Argentina
- 6.4.2. Brazil
- 6.4.3. Rest of South America
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End-User Industry
- 7. Brazil South America Adhesives Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End-User Industry
- 7.1.1. Building and Construction
- 7.1.2. Aerospace
- 7.1.3. Automotive
- 7.1.4. Footwear and Leather
- 7.1.5. Healthcare
- 7.1.6. Packaging
- 7.1.7. Woodwork and Joinery
- 7.1.8. Other End-user Industries
- 7.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Technology
- 7.2.1. Water-borne
- 7.2.2. Solvent-borne
- 7.2.3. Reactive
- 7.2.4. Hot Melt
- 7.2.5. UV-Cured Adhesives
- 7.2.6. Other Technologies
- 7.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Resin Type
- 7.3.1. Silicone
- 7.3.2. Polyurethane
- 7.3.3. Acrylic
- 7.3.4. Epoxy
- 7.3.5. Cyanoacrylate
- 7.3.6. VAE/EVA
- 7.3.7. Other Resin Types
- 7.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 7.4.1. Argentina
- 7.4.2. Brazil
- 7.4.3. Rest of South America
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End-User Industry
- 8. Rest of South America South America Adhesives Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End-User Industry
- 8.1.1. Building and Construction
- 8.1.2. Aerospace
- 8.1.3. Automotive
- 8.1.4. Footwear and Leather
- 8.1.5. Healthcare
- 8.1.6. Packaging
- 8.1.7. Woodwork and Joinery
- 8.1.8. Other End-user Industries
- 8.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Technology
- 8.2.1. Water-borne
- 8.2.2. Solvent-borne
- 8.2.3. Reactive
- 8.2.4. Hot Melt
- 8.2.5. UV-Cured Adhesives
- 8.2.6. Other Technologies
- 8.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Resin Type
- 8.3.1. Silicone
- 8.3.2. Polyurethane
- 8.3.3. Acrylic
- 8.3.4. Epoxy
- 8.3.5. Cyanoacrylate
- 8.3.6. VAE/EVA
- 8.3.7. Other Resin Types
- 8.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 8.4.1. Argentina
- 8.4.2. Brazil
- 8.4.3. Rest of South America
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End-User Industry
- 9. Brazil South America Adhesives Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 10. Argentina South America Adhesives Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 11. Rest of South America South America Adhesives Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 12. Competitive Analysis
- 12.1. Market Share Analysis 2024
- 12.2. Company Profiles
- 12.2.1 Poliplas Group
- 12.2.1.1. Overview
- 12.2.1.2. Products
- 12.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.2 Henkel AG & Co KGaA*List Not Exhaustive
- 12.2.2.1. Overview
- 12.2.2.2. Products
- 12.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.3 Brascola
- 12.2.3.1. Overview
- 12.2.3.2. Products
- 12.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.4 3M
- 12.2.4.1. Overview
- 12.2.4.2. Products
- 12.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.5 Arkema Group
- 12.2.5.1. Overview
- 12.2.5.2. Products
- 12.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.6 Dow
- 12.2.6.1. Overview
- 12.2.6.2. Products
- 12.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.7 H B Fuller Company
- 12.2.7.1. Overview
- 12.2.7.2. Products
- 12.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.8 Soudal Holding N V
- 12.2.8.1. Overview
- 12.2.8.2. Products
- 12.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.9 Sika AG
- 12.2.9.1. Overview
- 12.2.9.2. Products
- 12.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.10 AVERY DENNISON CORPORATION
- 12.2.10.1. Overview
- 12.2.10.2. Products
- 12.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.1 Poliplas Group
List of Figures
- Figure 1: South America Adhesives Market Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Product 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: South America Adhesives Market Share (%) by Company 2024
List of Tables
- Table 1: South America Adhesives Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: South America Adhesives Market Revenue Million Forecast, by End-User Industry 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: South America Adhesives Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Technology 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: South America Adhesives Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Resin Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: South America Adhesives Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: South America Adhesives Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: South America Adhesives Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: Brazil South America Adhesives Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: Argentina South America Adhesives Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: Rest of South America South America Adhesives Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: South America Adhesives Market Revenue Million Forecast, by End-User Industry 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: South America Adhesives Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Technology 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: South America Adhesives Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Resin Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: South America Adhesives Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: South America Adhesives Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: South America Adhesives Market Revenue Million Forecast, by End-User Industry 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: South America Adhesives Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Technology 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: South America Adhesives Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Resin Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: South America Adhesives Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: South America Adhesives Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: South America Adhesives Market Revenue Million Forecast, by End-User Industry 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: South America Adhesives Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Technology 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: South America Adhesives Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Resin Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: South America Adhesives Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 25: South America Adhesives Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the South America Adhesives Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately > 5.00%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the South America Adhesives Market?
Key companies in the market include Poliplas Group, Henkel AG & Co KGaA*List Not Exhaustive, Brascola, 3M, Arkema Group, Dow, H B Fuller Company, Soudal Holding N V, Sika AG, AVERY DENNISON CORPORATION.
3. What are the main segments of the South America Adhesives Market?
The market segments include End-User Industry, Technology, Resin Type, Geography.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XX Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
Rising Demand from Packaging Industry; Other Drivers.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Increasing Demand from Packaging Industry.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
; Limited Resistance to Moisture and Water; Other Restraints.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
In January 2023, H.B. Fuller Company introduced Swift®melt 1515-I, for medical applications.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4750, USD 5250, and USD 8750 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "South America Adhesives Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the South America Adhesives Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the South America Adhesives Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the South America Adhesives Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence